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2022-01-20 13:57:24

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① 因果图的画法

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因果分析图

因果分析图是以结果作为特性，以原因作为因素，在它们之间用箭头联系表示因果关系。因果分析图是一种充分发动员工动脑筋，查原因，集思广益的好办法，也特别适合于工作小组中实行质量的民主管理。当出现了某种质量问题，未搞清楚原因时，可针对问题发动大家寻找可能的原因，使每个人都畅所欲言，把所有可能的原因都列出来。

所谓因果分析图，就是将造成某项结果的众多原因，以系统的方式图解，即以图来表达结果（特性）与原因（因素）之间的关系。其形状像鱼骨，又称鱼骨图。

某项结果之形成，必定有原因，应设法利用图解法找出其因。首先提出了这个概念的是日本品管权威石川馨博士，所以特性原因图又称[石川图]。因果分析图，可使用在一般管理及工作改善的各种阶段，特别是树立意识的初期，易于使问题的原因明朗化，从而设计步骤解决问题。

（1） 因果分析图使用步骤

步骤1：集合有关人员。

召集与此问题相关的，有经验的人员，人数最好4-10人。

步骤2：挂一张大白纸，准备2-3支色笔。

步骤3：由集合的人员就影响问题的原因发言，发言内容记入图上，中途不可批评或质问。（脑力激荡 法）

步骤4：时间大约1个小时，搜集20-30个原因则可结束。

步骤5：就所搜集的原因，何者影响最大，再由大轮流发言，经大家磋商后，认为影响较大予圈上红色 圈。

步骤6：与步骤5一样，针对已圈上一个红圈的，若认为最重要的可以再圈上两圈，三圈。

步骤7：重新画一张原因图，未上圈的予于去除，圈数愈多的列为最优先处理。

因果分析图提供的是抓取重要原因的工具，所以参加的人员应包含对此项工作具有经验者，才易秦效。

（2）因果分析图与柏拉图之使用

建立柏拉图须先以层别建立要求目的之统计表。建立柏拉图之目的，在于掌握影响全局较大的重要少数项目。再利用特性原因图针对这些项目形成的原因逐予于探讨，并采取改善对策。所以因果分析图可以单独使用，也可连接柏拉图使用。

（3） 因果分析图再分析

要对问题形成的原因追根究底，才能从根本上解决问题。形成问题之主要原因找出来以后，再以实验设计的方法进行实验分析，拟具体实验方法，找出最佳工作方法，问题也许能得以彻底解决，这是解决问题，更是预防问题。

任何一个人，任何一个企业均有它追求的目标，但在追求目标的过程中，总会有许许多多有形与无形的障碍，而这些障碍是什么，这些障碍何于形成，这些障碍如何破解等问题，就是原因分析图法主要的概念。

一个管理人员，在他的管理工作范围内所追求的目标，假如加以具体的归纳，我们可得知从项目来说不是很多。然而就每个追求的项目来说，都有会有影响其达成目的的主要原因及次要原因，这些原因就是阻碍你达成工作的变数。

如何将追求的项目一一地罗列出来，并将影响每个项目达成的主要原因及次要原因也整理出来，并使用因果分析图来表示，并针对这些原因有计划地加以强化，将会使你的管理工作更加得心应手。

同样地，有了这些原因分析图，即使发生问题，在解析问题的过程中，也能更快速，更可靠。

② 工厂分析问题的真因/要因/原因有哪些分析方法；除了使用鱼骨图分析外的方法或工具

柏拉图、PDCA、5Y分析、4M1E（鱼骨图中包含这些）、8D REPORT、散点图、雷达图、矩状图等 你可以用软件进行分析，很方便。

③ QC七大手法中鱼骨图是什么阐述的

特性要因图之种类
原因追查型( )
在於追求不良之所在,并进而寻找其影响之原因,以特性要因图表示结果(特性)与原因(要因)间的关系
如何制作特性要因图
目前特性要因图有两种制作方式：
大骨展开法、小骨集约法。
（一）决定问题 (或品质)之特性
品质特性亦就是决定品质的问题点(即题目)，先把特性写在纸的右边的中央部，特性外围以方框围住。再自左方画上一粗横线或双细线来代表制程(工作过程)(主骨)，横线口端画上箭头（→）。
如何制作特性要因图
（二）画大要因（大骨）
若采用大骨展开法则由全体人员自由发言，把造成这一问题的原因，分成几个大项来考虑，若采用小骨集约法则先利用脑力激汤法、找出可能之原因再将原因分类（可依人、机、料、法分类此即为大要因）大要因以方框围住，再自框缘画直线与粗横线（主骨）成60°～80°的交角，线头并画上箭头。
如何制作特性要因图
（三）画中小要因(中、小骨)
推敲原因与原因间之关系找出二原因之因果关系，然後在大要因线上，取60°～80°的交角，画上中要因线，一端记上文字，一端则画上箭头。
如何制作特性要因图
再把中要因做为结果，再推敲其原因，此为小要因，同样在中要因线上，取60°～80°的交角，画上小要因线，并在一端记上文字，一端画上箭头。
如何制作特性要因图
（四）确认要因并圈选出重要原因
绘制完成之鱼骨图，必须再确认其内容是否正确或有无遗漏，最後才从中判断并圈选出重要原因，圈选的方法可用：

1.以现场、现物、现实三现主义来验证主要原因。
2.从鱼骨图中的要因再收集数据，由数据来证明重要原因。
3.以经验法则来确认重要原因（不过利用此法时，必须在尔後的活动中加以证实）
如何制作特性要因图
（五）绘制完成时，作确认修正後，记入必要的事项
1.图名称（标题）
2.做图日期
3.绘制者
这些必要的事项记入，有助於查检用。
Part3 实例解说/注意要点
特性要因图制作案例
（一）先以特性(问题点)为主干，绘出大骨
特性要因图制作案例
（二）决定大要因
特性要因图制作案例
（三）决定中、小要因
特性要因图制作案例以现场、现物、现实三现主义来验证主要原因
（四）圈选要因作成
特性要因图制作案例
（五）记录必要事项
特性要因图的注意事项
(一)不全像鱼骨问题点的原因错综复杂，因此画成的图形，也必是枝柯交错，如下图类似鱼骨的方式，乃是解析不足，没有深入研究的结果。这里鱼骨图只是鱼骨形状而已，是不能使用的。
特性要因图的注意事项
(二)采纳众意所有圈员全体根据下列个方法，共同提出意见，使要因分析得更为彻底无误。
(三)把要因层别：以下列方向做层别考虑

1. 4M法－对於制造工厂的现场问题均适用
(1)Man（作业员）－就人员的素质、技术、经验、管理、士气、出勤率等方面去检讨。
(2)Machine（机器）－机器设备的精密度、稼动率、维护方法、安全事项等方面去检讨。
(3)Material（材料）－就材料的品质、数量、储存运送等方面检讨。
(4)Method（作业方法）－就作业的方法，作业场所的配置，作业安全的确保，作业的环境等去检讨。
特性要因图的注意事项
2. 5M、J、P法－亦适用制造厂现场
(1)Man（作业员）－如上述
(2)Machine（机器）－如上述
(3)Material（材料）－如上述
(4)Method（作业方法）－如上述
(5)Measure（测定）－测定器的精度，定期校验，测试方式，测定的标准程序等。
(6)Jig（夹具）－夹具的保养，定期检查，修护，交换等，应作检讨。
(7)Proct（制造品）－制品规格的正确，整修件及不良品重新加工品的处理。

特性要因图的注意事项
(四)以5W、2H法考量问题？

1. Why-为什麼必要？为何？
2. What-目的是什麼？何事？
3. Where-在何处作最好？何地？
4. When-在何时作最好？何时？
5. Who-谁去作最好？何人？
6. How-如何作最好？如何？
7. How much-多少钱？作到什麼程度？

④ 鱼骨图的方向介绍

鱼骨图顾名思义象鱼的骨架，头尾间用粗线连接，有如脊椎骨。在鱼尾填上问题或现状，鱼头代表了目标，脊椎就是达成过程的所有步骤与影响因素。想到一个因素，就用一根鱼刺表达，把能想到的有关项都用不同的鱼刺标出。之后再细化，对每个因素进行分析，用鱼刺分支表示每个主因相关的元素，还可以继续三级、四级分叉找出相干元素。——经过反复推敲后，一张鱼骨图就有了大体框架。针对每个分支、分叉填制解决方案。最后，把所需工作、动作以及遗留问题进行归类。这样就很容易发现，哪些是困扰当前关心项的要因，该如何去解决与面对，哪些可以马上解决，需要调动哪些资源等等。
鱼骨图有些类似树状图，都是分析思考、理清思路、找出问题点的工具。对问题要刨根问底，鱼骨图就是帮助全面系统了解问题、细化问题的利器。如果有几个相关人员一起来分析填制、或者自己经过几天来制作，效果往往会更好。
举例：A生想开家服饰店，他开始制作第一张鱼骨图，希望能制定自己的开业计划。
第一步他在鱼头上工工整整填写上“开业成功”。接着就开始画出根根主分支，如定位、资金、选址、货源、导购、库存处理、促销、工商手续、销售目标等等。之后开始逐项细化，以定位为例，在主刺上开出商品选型定位、目标消费群、价格定位、商圈定位等等分叉。通过第一轮分析，A生可能发现自己有许多问题不了解或资源不足，那么重点就转到具体的问题了解与资源整合。比如，资金不足，那么又可以用鱼骨图来分析如何完成资金筹措任务。

⑤ 鱼骨图的箭头方向朝左，朝右各表示什么

鱼骨图的箭头方向朝左，对策型鱼骨图（鱼头在左，特性值通常以“如何提高/改善……”来写）；鱼骨图的箭头方向朝右，原因型鱼骨图（鱼头在右，特性值通常以“为什么……”来写）。

在鱼尾填上问题或现状，鱼头代表了目标，脊椎就是达成过程的所有步骤与影响因素。想到一个因素，就用一根鱼刺表达，把能想到的有关项都用不同的鱼刺标出。

之后再细化，对每个因素进行分析，用鱼刺分支表示每个主因相关的元素，还可以继续三级、四级分叉找出相干元素。——经过反复推敲后，一张鱼骨图就有了大体框架。

(5)币圈鱼骨图扩展阅读

鱼骨图有些类似树状图，都是分析思考、理清思路、找出问题点的工具。对问题要刨根问底，鱼骨图就是帮助全面系统了解问题、细化问题的利器。如果有几个相关人员一起来分析填制、或者自己经过几天来制作，效果往往会更好。

举例：A生想开家服饰店，他开始制作第一张鱼骨图，希望能制定自己的开业计划。

第一步他在鱼头上工工整整填写上“开业成功”。接着就开始画出根根主分支，如定位、资金、选址、货源、导购、库存处理、促销、工商手续、销售目标等等。

之后开始逐项细化，以定位为例，在主刺上开出商品选型定位、目标消费群、价格定位、商圈定位等等分叉。通过第一轮分析，A生可能发现自己有许多问题不了解或资源不足，那么重点就转到具体的问题了解与资源整合。比如，资金不足，那么又可以用鱼骨图来分析如何完成资金筹措任务。

① How to draw a cause-effect diagram

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Cause-effect analysis diagram

A cause-effect analysis diagram uses results as characteristics and causes As factors, the causal relationship is represented by arrows connecting them. The cause-and-effect analysis diagram is a good way to fully mobilize employees to use their brains, investigate causes, and brainstorm. It is also particularly suitable for implementing quality democratic management in work groups. When a certain quality problem occurs and the cause is not clear, everyone can be mobilized to find possible reasons for the problem, so that everyone can speak freely and list all possible reasons.

The so-called cause-and-effect analysis diagram is to illustrate the many causes that cause a certain result in a systematic way, that is, to express the relationship between the result (characteristic) and the cause (factor) with a diagram. It is shaped like a fish bone, also known as a fish bone diagram.

There must be a reason for a certain result, and you should try to find out the reason using diagramming methods. It was Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, the Japanese quality control authority, who first proposed this concept, so the characteristic cause diagram is also called the "Ishikawa Diagram". Cause-and-effect analysis diagrams can be used in various stages of general management and work improvement, especially in the early stages of establishing awareness. It is easy to clarify the cause of the problem and design steps to solve the problem.

(1) Steps for using cause-and-effect analysis diagram

Step 1: Gather relevant people.

Gather together experienced people related to this issue, preferably 4-10 people.

Step 2: Hang a large white paper and prepare 2-3 colored pens.

Step 3: The assembled people will speak on the reasons that affect the problem. The content of the speech will be recorded on the map. No criticism or questioning will be allowed during the process. (Brainstorming method)

Step 4: It will take about 1 hour, and it will end after collecting 20-30 reasons.

Step 5: Among the reasons collected, which one has the greatest impact will be given in turn. After consultation, the person who thinks the impact is greater will be circled in red.

Step 6: Same as step 5, for those items that have been circled with one red circle, if you think they are the most important, you can circle them two or three more times.

Step 7: Re-draw a reason map. Those that are not circled will be removed, and those with more circles will be prioritized.

The cause-and-effect analysis diagram provides a tool to capture important causes, so the participants should include those who have experience in this work, so that it can be effective.

(2) The use of cause-and-effect analysis diagrams and Plato

To establish Plato, you must first establish a statistical table for the required purpose in layers. The purpose of establishing Plato is to master a few important projects that have a greater impact on the overall situation. The Reuse Characteristic Cause Chart discusses the causes of these items one by one and takes improvement measures. Therefore, the cause and effect analysis diagram can be used alone or in conjunction with Plato..

(3) Reanalysis with cause-and-effect analysis diagram

Only by getting to the root of the cause of the problem can the problem be fundamentally solved. After identifying the main causes of the problem, we can conduct experimental analysis using the method of experimental design, draw up specific experimental methods, and find out the best working methods. The problem may be completely solved. This is to solve the problem, but also to prevent the problem.

Every person and every enterprise has the goals it pursues, but in the process of pursuing the goals, there will always be many tangible and intangible obstacles. What are these obstacles? What are these obstacles? Why are these obstacles formed and how can these obstacles be overcome? These are the main concepts of the Cause Analysis Diagram.

If the goals pursued by a manager within the scope of his management work are summarized in detail, we can know that there are not many in terms of projects. However, for every project you pursue, there are primary and secondary reasons that affect its achievement. These reasons are the variables that prevent you from completing your work.

How to list the projects you are pursuing one by one, and sort out the main and secondary reasons that affect the achievement of each project, and use a cause-and-effect analysis diagram to represent them, and have solutions for these reasons. Strengthening it in a planned way will make your management work easier.

Similarly, with these cause analysis diagrams, even if a problem occurs, the process of analyzing the problem can be faster and more reliable.

② What are the analysis methods for the real causes/causes/causes of factory analysis problems; methods or tools other than using fishbone diagram analysis

Plato, PDCA, 5Y analysis, 4M1E ( Fishbone diagram includes these), 8D REPORT, scatter plot, radar chart, rectangular chart, etc. You can use the software to analyze, which is very convenient.

③ What is the fishbone diagram among the seven QC techniques?

Characteristics depend on the type of diagram
Cause tracing type ( )
lies in pursuing the defect , and then find the cause of its influence, and use the characteristic factor diagram to express the relationship between the result (characteristic) and the cause (factor)
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
There are currently two ways to make a characteristic factor diagram:< br />Large bone expansion method and small bone concentration method.
(1) Characteristics that determine the problem (or quality)
Quality characteristics are also the problem points (i.e. questions) that determine quality. First write the characteristics in the center of the right side of the paper, with a box around the characteristics. Surround. Then draw a thick horizontal line or double thin lines from the left to represent the manufacturing process (working process) (main bone), and draw an arrow (→) at the end of the horizontal line.
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
(2) Draw the big factors (big bones)
If the big bone expansion method is used, all staff willFrom the speech, divide the causes of this problem into several major items for consideration. If the small bone intensive method is used, first use the brain stimulation method to find out the possible causes and then classify the causes (can be based on people, machines, materials, methods Classify this as the main cause) The main cause is surrounded by a box, and then draw a straight line from the edge of the frame to a thick horizontal line (main bone) at an angle of 60° to 80°, and draw an arrow at the end of the line.
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
(3) Draw the small factors (medium and small bones)
Think about the relationship between the causes and find out the causal relationship between the two causes, and then draw on the major factors line, Take an intersection angle of 60° to 80°, draw the central factor line, write text on one end, and draw an arrow on the other end.
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
Then take the middle factor as the result, and then consider the cause. This is the small factor. Similarly, on the middle factor line, take the intersection angle of 60°~80° and draw the small factor. Make a line, write text on one end, and draw an arrow on the other end.
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
(4) Confirm the factors and circle the important reasons
After drawing the completed fishbone diagram, you must confirm whether its content is correct or whether there are any omissions, and finally draw it from Judge and circle the important reasons. The following methods are available:

1. Verify the main reasons with the three principles of on-site, genwu and reality.
2. Collect data from the key factors in the fishbone diagram, and use the data to prove the important reasons.
3. Use empirical rules to confirm important reasons (but when using this method, it must be confirmed in subsequent activities)
How to make a characteristic factor diagram
(5) When the drawing is completed, After making confirmation and correction, record the necessary matters
1. Name of the figure (title)
2. Date of drawing
3. Drawer
Record these necessary matters, including To help with inspection.
Part3 Example Explanation/Points to Note
Case Study of Characteristic Factor Diagram Making
(1) First, use the characteristics (problem points) as the backbone and draw the big bones
Case Study of Characteristic Factor Diagram Production< br />(2) Determine the major factors
Make a case using a characteristic factor diagram
(3) Decide the medium and minor factors
Make a case using a characteristic factor diagram Based on the three presentisms of site, actual object and reality Main reasons for verification
(4) Circle selected factors
Case study of characteristic factor diagram
(5) Record necessary matters
Precautions for characteristic factor diagram
(1) The reasons for not fully resembling fish bones are complicated, so the drawn graphics must also have intertwined branches. The way the picture below resembles fish bones is the result of insufficient analysis and in-depth research. The fishbone diagram here is just a fishbone shape and cannot be used.
Notes on characteristic diagrams
(2) Adopt the opinions of all circle membersAccording to the following methods, jointly provide opinions to make the analysis of the factors more thorough and accurate.
(3) Classify the factors: consider the following directions

1. 4M method - applicable to all on-site problems in manufacturing plants
(1) Man ( Operators) - Review personnel's quality, technology, experience, management, morale, attendance, etc.
(2)Machine - Review the precision, availability, maintenance methods, safety matters, etc. of the machinery and equipment.
(3)Material - Review the quality, quantity, storage and transportation of materials.
(4)Method (working method) - Review the working method, the configuration of the working place, ensuring the safety of the work, the working environment, etc.
Notes on characteristic factors diagram
2. 5M, J, P method - also applicable to manufacturing plant site
(1) Man (operator) - as mentioned above
(2) Machine - as above
(3) Material - as above
(4)Method - as above
(5)Measure - measuring device accuracy, regular calibration, test methods, standard procedures for measurement, etc.
(6)Jig (jig) - The maintenance, regular inspection, repair, replacement, etc. of the jig should be reviewed.
(7)Proct (manufactured products) - correct product specifications, handling of refurbished parts and defective products and reprocessed products.

Notes on Characteristic Factor Diagram
(4) Use 5W and 2H methods to consider problems?

1. Why-Why is it necessary? Why?
2. What-What is the purpose? What's the matter?
3. Where-Where is the best place to do it? where?
4. When-When is the best time to do it? when?
5. Who-Who can do it best? who?
6. How-How to do it best? how?
7. How much-How much? To what extent?

④ Introduction to the direction of the fishbone diagram

As the name suggests, the fishbone diagram resembles the skeleton of a fish, with thick lines connecting the head and tail, like the spine. Fill in the problem or current situation at the tail of the fish, the head represents the goal, and the spine is all the steps and influencing factors in the process of achieving it. When you think of a factor, use a fish bone to express it, and mark all relevant items that you can think of with different fish bones. Then refine it and analyze each factor. Use fishbone branches to represent the elements related to each main cause. You can also continue to branch at the third and fourth levels to find relevant elements. ——After repeated deliberation, a fishbone diagram has a general framework. Fill in solutions for each branch and fork. mostFinally, categorize the required work, actions, and remaining issues. In this way, it is easy to find out which factors are troubling current concerns, how to solve and face them, which ones can be solved immediately, which resources need to be mobilized, etc.
Fishbone diagrams are somewhat similar to tree diagrams. They are tools for analyzing and thinking, clarifying ideas, and identifying problem points. To get to the bottom of the problem, the fishbone diagram is a powerful tool to help comprehensively and systematically understand the problem and refine it. If several relevant people analyze and fill in the form together, or if you make it yourself over a few days, the effect will often be better.
For example: Student A wanted to open a clothing store, and he started to make his first fishbone diagram, hoping to formulate his own opening plan.
In the first step, he carefully wrote "Opening successfully" on the fish head. Then start to draw the main branches, such as positioning, funding, site selection, supply, shopping guide, inventory processing, promotion, industrial and commercial procedures, sales targets, etc. Then we started to refine it item by item, taking positioning as an example, and branched out from the main point such as product selection and positioning, target consumer groups, price positioning, business district positioning, etc. Through the first round of analysis, Student A may find that he does not understand many problems or lacks resources, so the focus will turn to understanding specific problems and integrating resources. For example, if there is insufficient funds, you can use a fishbone diagram to analyze how to complete the fund-raising task.

⑤ What does the arrow direction of the fishbone diagram point to the left and right mean?

The arrow direction of the fishbone diagram points to the left, and the countermeasure fishbone diagram (The fish head is on the left, and the characteristic value is usually written with "How to improve/improve..."); the arrow direction of the fishbone diagram is to the right, and the cause-type fishbone diagram (the fish head is on the right, the characteristic value is usually written with "Why..." ” to write).

Fill in the problem or current situation in the tail of the fish, the head of the fish represents the goal, and the spine is all the steps and influencing factors in the process of achieving it. When you think of a factor, use a fish bone to express it, and mark all relevant items that you can think of with different fish bones.

Afterwards, refine it and analyze each factor. Use fishbone branches to represent the elements related to each main cause. You can also continue to branch at the third and fourth levels to find relevant elements. ——After repeated deliberation, a fishbone diagram has a general framework.

(5) Extended reading of fishbone diagram in the currency circle

The fishbone diagram is somewhat similar to a tree diagram. It is about analyzing and thinking, clarifying ideas, and finding solutions. Tools that go wrong. To get to the bottom of the problem, the fishbone diagram is a powerful tool to help comprehensively and systematically understand the problem and refine it. If several relevant people analyze and fill in the form together, or if you make it yourself over a few days, the effect will often be better.

For example: Student A wanted to open a clothing store, and he started to make his first fishbone diagram, hoping to formulate his own opening plan.

In the first step, he carefully filled in "Opening successfully" on the fish head. Then start to draw the main branches, such as positioning, funding, site selection, supply, shopping guide, inventory processing, promotion, industrial and commercial procedures, sales targets, etc.

After that, we started to refine it item by item. Taking positioning as an example, on the main spineDevelop product selection and positioning, target consumer groups, price positioning, business district positioning, etc. Through the first round of analysis, Student A may find that he does not understand many problems or lacks resources, so the focus will turn to understanding specific problems and integrating resources. For example, if there is insufficient funds, you can use a fishbone diagram to analyze how to complete the fund-raising task.