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① 区块链的特征是什么

区块链的特征

区块链的四大特征之一：不可篡改

区块链最容易被理解的特性是不可篡改的特性。

不可篡改是基于“区块+链”（block+chain）的独特账本而形成的：存有交易的区块按照时间顺序持续加到链的尾部。要修改一个区块中的数据，就需要重新生成它之后的所有区块。
共识机制的重要作用之一是使得修改大量区块的成本极高，从而几乎是不可能的。以采用工作量证明的区块链网络（比如比特币、以太坊）为例，只有拥有 51% 的算力才可能重新生成所有区块以篡改数据。但是，破坏数据并不符合拥有大算力的玩家的自身利益，这种实用设计增强了区块链上的数据可靠性。
通常，在区块链账本中的交易数据可以视为不能被“修改”，它只能通过被认可的新交易来“修正”。修正的过程会留下痕迹，这也是为什么说区块链是不可篡改的，篡改是指用作伪的手段改动或曲解。
在现在常用的文件和关系型数据中，除非采用特别的设计，否则系统本身是不记录修改痕迹的。区块链账本采用的是与文件、数据库不同的设计，它借鉴的是现实中的账本设计——留存记录痕迹。因此，我们不能不留痕迹地“修改”账本，而只能“修正”账本（见图2）。

图6：比特币在组织上去中心化，在逻辑上集中

在设想未来的组织时，我们心中的理想原型常是比特币的组织：完全去中心化的自治组织。但在实践过程中，为了效率和能够推进，我们又会略微往中心化组织靠拢，最终找到一个合适的平衡点。

现在，在通过以太坊的智能合约创建和发放通证，并以社区或生态方式运行的区块链项目中，不少项目的理想状态是类似于比特币的组织，但实际情况是介于完全的去中心化组织和传统的公司之间。

在讨论区块链的第四个特征去中心自组织时，其实我们已经在从代码的世界往外走，涉及人的组织与协同了。现在，各种讨论和实际探索也揭示了区块链在技术之外的意义：它可能作为基础设施支持人类的生产组织和协同的变革。这正是区块链与互联网是完全同构的又一例证，互联网也不仅仅是一项技术，它改变了人们的组织和协同。

总的来说，以太坊把区块链带入了新的阶段。在讨论以太坊时，如果要总结两个关键词的话，那么这两个关键词分别是智能合约和通证；而如果只能说一个的话，我会选择“通证”。我会更愿意从互联网的历史中找寻它的意义，重复之前的类比：作为价值表示物的通证，它的角色类似于 HTML。在有了 HTML 之后，建什么样的网站完全取决于我们的想象力。

② 比特币与区块链有什么关系

比特币的横空出世，让一项新技术——区块链，走入大众视野。比特币和区块链到底 有什么关系呢？最简单的理解就是：区块链是比特币的底层技术，比特币是区块链的第一 代应用，所以我们常常看到有这样一种说法，说“比特币代表着区块链 1.0 时代”。

比特币被视为区块链技术的第一代应用，也是其代码测试最彻底的一项应用。但是， 如果没有比特币，可能现在不会有这么多人知道区块链这个事情。可以说，比特币让区块 链这门技术的“曝光率”大大提高。

之后，人们逐渐发现，区块链的应用价值远不止比特币这一种，而是能够应用到许多 行业，解决许多行业的痛点；而区块链的思想还能为金融领域提供许多借鉴，这才是区块 链真正爆发的原因。

③ 从本质上讲区块链技术中的智能合约是做什么的

就是一段状态转移代码。
比如我的账户A 有100块钱。 运行合约B后， 变成了80块钱。 这个合约就是将100这个状态转换成了80。 合约本身也是一个帐户，外部的时间（交易，事件） 也能触发状态转移。

④ 如何理解区块链的智能合约

智能合约”（smart contract）这个术语至少可以追溯到1995年，是由多产的跨领域法律学者尼克·萨博（Nick Szabo）提出来的。他在发表在自己的网站的几篇文章中提到了智能合约的理念。他的定义如下：

“一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺（promises），包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。”

让我们更加详细地探讨他的定义的意思。

承诺

一套承诺指的是合约参与方同意的（经常是相互的）权利和义务。这些承诺定义了合约的本质和目的。以一个销售合约为典型例子。卖家承诺发送货物，买家承诺支付合理的货款。

数字形式

数字形式意味着合约不得不写入计算机可读的代码中。这是必须的，因为只要参与方达成协定，智能合约建立的权利和义务，是由一台计算机或者计算机网络执行的。

更进一步地说明：

（1）达成协定

智能合约的参与方什么时候达成协定呢？答案取决于特定的智能合约实施。一般而言，当参与方通过在合约宿主平台上安装合约，致力于合约的执行时，合约就被发现了。

（2）合约执行

“执行”的真正意思也依赖于实施。一般而言，执行意味着通过技术手段积极实施。

（3）计算机可读的代码

另外，合约需要的特定“数字形式”非常依赖于参与方同意使用的协议。

协议

协议是技术实现（technical implementation），在这个基础上，合约承诺被实现，或者合约承诺实现被记录下来。选择哪个协议取决于许多因素，最重要的因素是在合约履行期间，被交易资产的本质。

再次以销售合约为例。假设，参与方同意货款以比特币支付。选择的协议很明显将会是比特币协议，在此协议上，智能合约被实施。因此，合约必须要用到的“数字形式”就是比特币脚本语言。比特币脚本语言是一种非图灵完备的、命令式的、基于栈的编程语言，类似于Forth。

智能合约

链乔教育在线旗下学硕创新区块链技术工作站是中国教育部学校规划建设发展中心开展的“智慧学习工场2020-学硕创新工作站 ”唯一获准的“区块链技术专业”试点工作站。专业站立足为学生提供多样化成长路径，推进专业学位研究生产学研结合培养模式改革，构建应用型、复合型人才培养体系。

⑤ 什么是RSK智能合约

RSK智能合约是基于比特币区块链的智能合约平台 RSK（rootstock）自提出概念时就是一项令人瞩目的开发平台。本质上，RSK是打造类似以太坊一样的去中心，图灵完备智能合约平台。但RSK是基于比特币生态系统而不是基于独立的区块链。具体实现方式是采用侧链技术。这种方式既有挑战，也有极大的利处。

智能合约平台：

智能合约是当下研究的热点。Nick Szabo于20年前提出该想法。总的来说是可以基于触发条件自动执行的电子合约。智能合约是各种商业环境中实现自动化执行的下一代产品，有可能颠覆现有商业模式. 比如按需经济，例如按照每次旅途定制的保险合约，到达设定行程终点或者编写程序确定，然后保险合约终止。这种保险模式甚至可以接入到P2P模式，使传统保险公司无用武之地。这些简单的例子都有可能通过RSK智能合约平台实现。

RSK的好处：

RSK有很多创举。首先是图灵完备虚拟机，兼容以太坊虚拟机。以太坊合约可以在RSK虚拟机运行。RSK目标是首发时达到20秒区块时间，每秒300次转账交易（tps），可扩展至1000tps。完全达到了Paypal水平，但还没有达到信用卡网络吞吐量。相较于其他平台，RSK最大的好处是个比特币合并挖矿，安全级别等同于比特币网络。但这也需要说服矿工执行。RSK透露他们会让矿工有利可图，执行合约转圈手续费会让矿工获利丰厚。很有可能RSK平台大受欢迎，合约执行量达到稳定水平。

⑥ 智能合约是什么

智能合约"(smart contract)这个术语至少可以追溯到1995年，是由多产的跨领域法律学者尼克·萨博(Nick Szabo)提出来的。他在发表在自己的网站的几篇文章中提到了智能合约的理念。他的定义如下:
"一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺(promises)，包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。"
让我们更加详细地探讨他的定义的意思。
承诺
一套承诺指的是合约参与方同意的(经常是相互的)权利和义务。这些承诺定义了合约的本质和目的。以一个销售合约为典型例子。卖家承诺发送货物，买家承诺支付合理的货款。
数字形式
数字形式意味着合约不得不写入计算机可读的代码中。这是必须的，因为只要参与方达成协定，智能合约建立的权利和义务，是由一台计算机或者计算机网络执行的。
更进一步地说明:
(1)达成协定
智能合约的参与方什么时候达成协定呢?答案取决于特定的智能合约实施。一般而言，当参与方通过在合约宿主平台上安装合约，致力于合约的执行时，合约就被发现了。
(2)合约执行
"执行"的真正意思也依赖于实施。一般而言，执行意味着通过技术手段积极实施。
(3)计算机可读的代码
另外，合约需要的特定"数字形式"非常依赖于参与方同意使用的协议。
协议
协议是技术实现(technical implementation)，在这个基础上，合约承诺被实现，或者合约承诺实现被记录下来。选择哪个协议取决于许多因素，最重要的因素是在合约履行期间，被交易资产的本质。
再次以销售合约为例。假设，参与方同意货款以比特币支付。选择的协议很明显将会是比特币协议，在此协议上，智能合约被实施。因此，合约必须要用到的"数字形式"就是比特币脚本语言。比特币脚本语言是一种非图灵完备的、命令式的、基于栈的编程语言，类似于Forth。

⑦ 啥叫智能合约

在区块链上运行的程序，通常称为智能合约(Smart Contract)。所以通常会把写区块链程序改称写智能合约。
虽然比特币(Bitcoin)上也能写智能合约，但是比特币所支持的语法仅与交易有关，能做的事情比较有限。
因此目前提到写智能合约，通常指的是支持执行图灵完备程序的以太坊(Ethereum)区块链 。

⑧ 什么是区块链，与比特币有什么联系

信息技术领域的术语。从本质上讲，它是一个共享数据库，存储于其中的数据或信息，具有“不可伪造”“全程留痕”“可以追溯”“公开透明”“集体维护”等特征。基于这些特征，区块链技术奠定了坚实的“信任“基础，创造了可靠的“合作”机制，具有广阔的运用前景。

区块链起源于比特币，2008年11月1日，一位自称中本聪的人发表了《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文 ，阐述了基于P2P网络技术、加密技术、时间戳技术、区块链技术等的电子现金系统的构架理念，这标志着比特币的诞生。

近年来，世界对比特币的态度起起落落，但作为比特币底层技术之一的区块链技术日益受到重视。在比特币形成过程中，区块是一个一个的存储单元，记录了一定时间内各个区块节点全部的交流信息。

各个区块之间通过随机散列(也称哈希算法)实现链接，后一个区块包含前一个区块的哈希值，随着信息交流的扩大，一个区块与一个区块相继接续，形成的结果就叫区块链。

(8)比特币区块链智能合约扩展阅读：

从科技层面来看，区块链涉及数学、密码学、互联网和计算机编程等很多科学技术问题。从应用视角来看，简单来说，区块链是一个分布式的共享账本和数据库，具有去中心化、不可篡改、全程留痕、可以追溯、集体维护、公开透明等特点。

区块链是分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。区块链，是比特币的一个重要概念，它本质上是一个去中心化的数据库，同时作为比特币的底层技术。

比特币白皮书英文原版其实并未出现 blockchain 一词，而是使用的 chain of blocks。最早的比特币白皮书中文翻译版中，将 chain of blocks 翻译成了区块链。这是“区块链”这一中文词最早的出现时间。

① What are the characteristics of blockchain

Characteristics of blockchain

One of the four major characteristics of blockchain: it cannot be tampered

Immutability is formed based on the unique ledger of "block+chain": blocks containing transactions are continuously added to the end of the chain in chronological order. To modify the data in a block, all blocks after it need to be regenerated.
One of the important functions of the consensus mechanism is to make it extremely costly to modify a large number of blocks, making it almost impossible. Taking blockchain networks that use proof-of-work (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum) as an example, only 51% of the computing power can regenerate all blocks to tamper with data. However, destroying data is not in the self-interest of players with large computing power, and this practical design enhances the reliability of data on the blockchain.
Generally, the transaction data in the blockchain ledger can be regarded as not being "modified", it can only be "corrected" through approved new transactions. The process of modification will leave traces, which is why the blockchain is said to be tamper-proof. Tampering refers to alteration or distortion by false means.
In commonly used files and relational data, the system itself does not record modification traces unless special design is adopted. The blockchain ledger adopts a different design from files and databases. It draws on the actual ledger design - retaining record traces. Therefore, we cannot “modify” the ledger without leaving traces, but can only “amend” the ledger (see Figure 2).

Figure 6: Bitcoin is organizationally decentralized and logically centralized

In envisioning future organizations At the time, the ideal prototype in our minds was often the Bitcoin organization: a fully decentralized autonomous organization. But in practice, for the sake of efficiency and advancement, we will move slightly closer to a centralized organization and eventually find a suitable balance point.

Now, among blockchain projects that create and issue tokens through Ethereum’s smart contracts and operate in a community or ecological manner, the ideal state of many projects is an organization similar to Bitcoin , but the actual situation is between a completely decentralized organization and a traditional company.

When discussing decentralized self-organization, the fourth feature of blockchain, we are actually moving beyond the world of code to involve human organization and collaboration. Now, various discussions and practical explorations have also revealed the significance of blockchain beyond technology: it may serve as infrastructure to support human production organization and collaborative changes. This is another example that blockchain and the Internet are completely isomorphic. The Internet is not just a technology, it has changed people's organization and collaboration.

In general, Ethereum brings blockchain to a new stage. When discussing Ethereum, if we want to summarize two keywords, then these twoThe keywords are smart contracts and tokens respectively; and if I could only name one, I would choose “token”. I would rather look to the history of the Internet to find its meaning, repeating the previous analogy: tokens, as representations of value, play a similar role to HTML. After having HTML, what kind of website we build depends entirely on our imagination.

② What is the relationship between Bitcoin and blockchain?

The emergence of Bitcoin has brought a new technology, blockchain, into the public eye. What is the relationship between Bitcoin and blockchain? The simplest understanding is that blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin, and Bitcoin is the first generation application of blockchain, so we often see a saying that "Bitcoin represents the blockchain 1.0 era" ".

Bitcoin is regarded as the first generation application of blockchain technology, and it is also the application with the most thorough code testing. However, without Bitcoin, not so many people may know about blockchain now. It can be said that Bitcoin has greatly increased the “exposure” of blockchain technology.

Afterwards, people gradually discovered that the application value of blockchain is far beyond Bitcoin, but can be applied to many industries and solve the pain points of many industries; and the idea of ​​blockchain can also Providing many references for the financial field is the reason why blockchain really explodes.

③ Essentially, what does a smart contract in blockchain technology do

It is a piece of state transfer code.
For example, my account A has 100 yuan. After running contract B, it becomes 80 yuan. This contract converts the state of 100 into 80. The contract itself is also an account, and external times (transactions, events) can also trigger state transfers.

④ How to understand the smart contract of the blockchain

The term “smart contract” can be traced back to at least 1995 and was coined by the prolific cross-field legal scholar Nick. It was proposed by Nick Szabo. He mentioned the concept of smart contracts in several articles published on his website. His definition is as follows:

“A smart contract is a set of digital Defined promises, including protocols on which contract participants can execute those promises. ”

Let us explore the meaning of his definition in more detail.

Commitments

A set of promises agreed upon by the parties to a contract (often mutually of) rights and obligations. These commitments define the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods, and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price.

Digital form

Digital form means that the contract must be written in computer-readable code. This is necessary because as long as the parties reach an agreement, the rights and obligations established by the smart contract willIs performed by a computer or computer network.

Further explanation:

(1) Reaching an agreement

When will the participants of the smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, a contract is discovered when a party commits to its execution by installing the contract on the contract hosting platform.

(2) Contract execution

The true meaning of "execution" also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, implementation means active implementation through technical means.

(3) Computer-readable code

In addition, the specific "digital form" required for the contract depends very much on the protocol the parties agree to use.

Agreement

Agreement is a technical implementation, based on which contract commitments are realized or the realization of contract commitments is recorded. Which protocol is chosen depends on many factors, the most important being the nature of the assets being traded during the performance of the contract.

Take the sales contract as an example again. Assume that the parties agree to pay in Bitcoin. The protocol of choice will obviously be the Bitcoin protocol, on which smart contracts are implemented. Therefore, the "digital form" that the contract must use is the Bitcoin script language. The Bitcoin Script Language is a non-Turing complete, imperative, stack-based programming language similar to Forth.

Smart Contract

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⑤ What is RSK smart contract?

RSK smart contract is a smart contract platform based on the Bitcoin blockchain. RSK (rootstock) has been an eye-catching development since its concept was proposed. platform. In essence, RSK is to create a decentralized, Turing-complete smart contract platform similar to Ethereum. But RSK is based on the Bitcoin ecosystem rather than an independent blockchain. The specific implementation method is to use side chain technology. This approach has both challenges and great benefits.

Smart contract platform:

Smart contracts are a hot topic in current research. Nick Szabo came up with the idea 20 years ago. Generally speaking, it is an electronic contract that can be automatically executed based on trigger conditions. Smart contracts are the next generation of products that realize automated execution in various business environments and have the potential to subvert existing business models. For example, the on-demand economy, such as an insurance contract customized for each trip, reaches the set end of the trip or writes a program to determine, and then SaveThe insurance contract is terminated. This insurance model can even be connected to the P2P model, rendering traditional insurance companies useless. These simple examples are all possible through the RSK smart contract platform.

Benefits of RSK:

RSK has many innovations. The first is the Turing-complete virtual machine, which is compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine. Ethereum contracts can run on the RSK virtual machine. RSK aims to achieve a block time of 20 seconds and 300 transfer transactions per second (tps) when launched, which can be expanded to 1,000 tps. Fully reaching Paypal levels, but not yet reaching credit card network throughput. Compared with other platforms, the biggest advantage of RSK is that it is a Bitcoin merged mining, and the security level is equivalent to the Bitcoin network. But this also requires convincing miners to implement it. RSK revealed that they will make the miners profitable, and the transaction fees for executing the contract will make the miners very profitable. It is very likely that the RSK platform will become very popular and contract execution volume will reach a stable level.

⑥ What is a smart contract?

The term "smart contract" dates back to at least 1995 and was coined by Nick Szabo, a prolific interdisciplinary legal scholar. ). He mentioned the concept of smart contracts in several articles published on his website. His definition is as follows:
"A smart contract is a set of promises defined in digital form. Includes an agreement on which the parties to the contract can execute these commitments. "
Let's explore what his definition means in more detail.
Commitments
A set of commitments refers to the (often mutual) rights and obligations agreed upon by the parties to a contract. These commitments define Understand the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods, and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price.
Digital form
Digital form means that the contract must be written in a computer-readable format in the code. This is necessary because as long as the participants reach an agreement, the rights and obligations established by the smart contract are executed by a computer or computer network.
Further explanation:
(1 ) reaches an agreement
When do the participants of a smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, when the participants commit to the execution of the contract by installing the contract on the contract host platform, The contract is discovered.
(2) Contract execution
The true meaning of "execution" also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, execution means active implementation through technical means.
(3) Computer-readable code
In addition, the specific "digital form" required for a contract is very dependent on the protocol that the parties agree to use.
Protocol
A protocol is a technical implementational implementation), on this basis, the contract commitment is realized, or the contract commitment implementation is recorded. Which protocol is chosen depends on many factors, the most important being the nature of the assets being traded during the performance of the contract.
Again, take the sales contract as an example. Assume that the parties agree to pay in Bitcoin. The protocol of choice will obviously be the Bitcoin protocol, on which smart contracts are implemented. Therefore, the "digital form" that the contract must use is the Bitcoin script language. The Bitcoin Script Language is a non-Turing complete, imperative, stack-based programming language similar to Forth.

⑦ What is a smart contract?

A program that runs on the blockchain is usually called a smart contract. Therefore, writing blockchain programs is usually renamed as writing smart contracts.
Although smart contracts can also be written on Bitcoin, the syntax supported by Bitcoin is only related to transactions, and what can be done is relatively limited.
So when it comes to writing smart contracts, it usually refers to the Ethereum blockchain that supports the execution of Turing-complete programs.

⑧ What is blockchain and what is its connection with Bitcoin

Terminology in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust", created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects.

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", explaining the P2P-based The architectural concepts of electronic cash systems such as network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, and blockchain technology mark the birth of Bitcoin.

In recent years, the world's attitude towards Bitcoin has been ups and downs, but blockchain technology, one of the underlying technologies of Bitcoin, has received increasing attention. In the formation process of Bitcoin, blocks are storage units one by one, recording all communication information of each block node within a certain period of time.

The links between each block are realized through random hashing (also called hash algorithm). The latter block contains the hash value of the previous block. With the expansion of information exchange, a block Continuing with one block, the result is called a blockchain.

(8) Extended reading on Bitcoin blockchain smart contracts:

From a technological perspective, blockchain involves mathematics, cryptography, and the Internet and computer programming and many other scientific and technical issues. From an application perspective, to put it simply, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database that is decentralized, cannot be tampered with, leaves traces throughout the process, can be traced, and is collectively maintained.Characteristics such as openness and transparency.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin.

In fact, the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper does not appear in the word blockchain, but uses chain of blocks. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.