『壹』 以太坊的手续费是多少

不同交易所手续费不一样，火币和okex分别是0.02%he0.03%,QUBE是0.01%。

『贰』 以太坊钱包提币需要手续费吗

需要。
不同交易所手续费不一样，火币和okex分别是0。02%he0。03%，QUBE是0。01%。
一般从交易所提币都是提现到钱包中，所以提币地址就填写自己的钱包地址。钱包地址在使用的钱包中可以查看，以imToken钱包为例，打开钱包，点击【资产】在最上方有一个数字+英文的组合，这个就是你的钱包地址。

『叁』 芝麻开门一个eth提现多少手续费

手续费是按照1‰来收取的。
_嵯_SDT通常需要高昂的手续费，但在 Gate.io提现USDT手续费全免 。用户只需要在提现时选择Tron/TRC20协议类型，即可享受0费用的USDT提现体验。
_ate.io每年为用户补贴超过1000多万美金提现手续费，旨在为用户提供最为优质的交易服务和出入金渠道。欢迎用户使用Gate.io提现功能，体验最舒畅的资产管理和出入金服务。

『肆』 区块链上的交易需要手续费吗怎么定的多少由谁决定

交易手续费将从您的成交总额中扣除。若成交后获得BTC资产，则支付BTC交易手续费；反之，若成交后获得数字资产，则支付数字资产交易手续费。

你以1BTC卖出10ETH，会扣除0.2%ETH手续费，卖出成交获得9.98ETH。
你以10ETH买入1BTC，会扣除0.2%BTC手续费，获得0.998BTC。

『伍』 一文读懂以太坊—ETH2.0，是否值得长期持有

这几天一直在看关于ETH伦敦升级方面的资料，简单的聊一下，在加密货币的世界里，无论是投资机构、区块链应用开发者、矿机商，还是个人投资者、硬件供应商、 游戏 行业从业者等等，提起以太坊，或多或少都会有一些了解。

一方面取决于以太坊代币 ETH 本身的造富效应。从 2014 年首次发行以来，投资回报率已经超过 7400 倍。

另一方面，以太坊作为应用最广泛的去中心应用编程平台，引来无数开发者在其之上开发应用。这些应用不仅产生了巨大的商业价值，伴随 DEFI 生态、NFT 生态、DAO 生态蓬勃发展，也给 ETH 带来了更多使用者。

随着“伦敦升级计划”临近，ETH 再次聚集所有人的关注目光。

以太坊 2.0 到底是什么？包含哪些升级？目前进展如何？

以太坊 2.0 到来，会对现有以太坊生态的去中心化应用产生哪些影响？

ETH 是否值得持续投资？看完相信你会有自己的判断。

如果将搭建应用比作造房子，那么以太坊就提供了墙面、屋顶、地板等模块，用户只需像搭积木一样把房子搭起来，因此在以太坊上建立应用的成本和速度都大大改善。以太坊的出现，迅速吸引了大量开发者进入以太坊的世界编写出各类去中心应用，极大丰富人们对去中心应用场景的需求。

以太坊应用开发模型示意

以太坊与ETH

现有市场的加密货币，只是在区块链技术应用在某一场景下的单一代币。

以太坊也不例外，它的完整项目名称是“下一代智能合约与去中心化应用平台”，Ether（以太币）是其原生加密货币，简称 ETH。

ETH 除了可以用来与各种类型数字资产之间进行有效交换，还提供支付交易费用的机制，即我们现在做链上操作时所支付的 GAS 费用。GAS 费用机制的出现，即保护了以太坊网络上创建的应用不会被恶意程序随意滥用，又因为 GAS 收入归矿工所有，让更多的用户参与到以太坊网络的记账当中成为矿工，进一步维护了以太坊网络安全与生态发展。

与 BTC 不同的是，ETH 并没有采用 SHA256 挖矿算法，避免了整个挖矿生态出现由 ASIC（专用集成电路）矿机主导以至于大部分算力被中心化机构控制所带来的系统性风险。

以太坊最初采用的是 PoW（Proof of Work）的工作量证明机制，人们需要通过工作量证明以获取手续费回报。我们经常听说矿工使用显卡挖矿，他们做的就是 POW 工作量证明。显卡越多，算力越大，那么工作量就越大，收入也就越高。

当前，整个以太坊网络的总算力大约为 870.26 TH/s，用我们熟悉的消费级显卡来对比，英伟达 RTX 3080 的显卡算力大约为 92-93 MH/s，以太坊网络相当于 936 万张 3080 显卡算力的总和。

以太坊白皮书内非常明确提到之后会将 PoW 工作证明的账本机制升级为 POS （Proof of Stake）权益证明的账本机制。

ETH经济模型

与 BTC 总量 2100 万枚不同，ETH 的总量并没有做上限，而是在首次预售的 ETH 数量基础上每年增发，增发数量为 0.26x（x 为发售总量）。

但也不用担心 ETH 会无限通胀下去，长期来看，每年增发币的数量与每年因死亡或者粗心原因遗失币的数量大致相同，ETH 的“货币供应增长率”是趋近于零的。

ETH 分配模型包含早期购买者，早期贡献值，长期捐赠与矿工收益，具体分配比例如下表。

现在每年将有 60,102,216 * 0.26 = 15,626,576 个 ETH 被矿工挖出，转成 PoS 后，每年产出的 ETH 将减少。

目前，市场上流通的 ETH 总量约为 116,898,848 枚，总市值约为 2759 亿美元。

以太坊发展历程

1. 边境阶段（2015年）：上线后不久进行了第一次分叉，调整未来挖矿的难度。此版本处于实验阶段，技术并未成熟，最初只能让少部分开发者参与挖矿，智能合约也仅面向开发者开发应用使用，并没有用户参与，以太坊网络处于萌芽期。

边境阶段 ETH 价格：1.24 美元。

2. 家园阶段（2016年）：以太坊主网于 2016 年 3 月进行了第二次分叉，发布了第一个稳定版本。此版本是第一个成熟的正式版本，采用 100% PoW 证明，引入难度炸弹，随着区块链数量的增加，挖矿难度呈指数增长，网络的性能大幅提升，以太坊项目也进入到快速成长期。在”家园“版本里，还发生了著名的”The DAO 攻击事件“，以太坊被社区投票硬分叉为以太坊（ETH）与以太经典（ETC）两条链，V 神站在了 ETH 这边。

家园阶段 ETH 价格：12.50 美元。

3. 都会阶段（2017~2019年）：都会的开发又分为三个阶段，升级分成了三次分叉，分别是 2017 年 10 月的“拜占庭”、2019 年 2 月底的“君士坦丁堡“、以及 2019 年 12 月的“伊斯坦布尔”。这些升级主要改善智能合约的编写、提高安全性、加入难度炸弹以及一些核心架构的修改，以协助未来从工作量证明转至权益证明。

在都会阶段，以太坊网络正式显现出其威力，正式进入成熟期。智能合约让不同链上的加密货币可以互相交易，ERC-20 也在 2017 代币发行的标准，成千上万个项目在以太坊网络进行募资，被称作“首次代币发行（ICO）”，相信很多币圈的老人都是被当时 ICO 造富效应带进来的。到 2019 年，随着DeFi 生态的崛起，金融产品正式成为以太链上最大的产业。

都会阶段 ETH 价格：151.06 美元。

4. 宁静阶段（2020-2023年）：与都会分三阶段开发相同，宁静阶段目前预计分成三次分叉：柏林（已完成）、伦敦（即将到来）、以及后面的第三次分叉。“宁静”阶段又称为“以太坊 2.0”，是项目的最终阶段，以太坊将从工作量证明方式正式转向权益证明，并开发第二层扩容方案，提高整个网络的运行效率。

宁静阶段可以说是以太坊网络的集大成之作，如果说前个三阶段只是让以太坊的愿景展现的实验平台，宁静阶段之后的以太坊，将正式成为完全体，不仅有完备的生态应用，超级快的处理速度，众多网络协同发展，而且 PoS 机制会非常节约能源，真正代表了区块链技术逐渐走向成熟的标志。

宁静阶段 ETH 价格：2021 年 4 月 15 日完成的柏林阶段，当天价格为 2454 美元。

即将到来的伦敦协议升级

以太坊生态

以太坊的生态发展，从属性划可分为两大类：一是以太坊网络生态应用建设，二是以太坊网络扩容建设。两者相互融合，互相成就，应用需要更健壮强大的网络作为承载，网络需要功能完善的应用场景服务用户。

先说应用生态，以太坊的生态我们又可以分为以下几大类：

1. 去中心化自制组织（DAO）生态

什么是去中心化自制组织？还是以我们熟悉的比特币举例：比特币目前市值七千多亿美金，在全球资产市值类排名第九，但比特币并不是某一公司发布的产品，也没有特定公司组织招聘人员进行维护。比特币现有的一切，都源于比特币持有者、比特币矿工自发形成的分布式组织，他们通过投票方式规划比特币发展路线，自发参与维护比特币程序与网络 —这仅仅因为只要拥有比特币，所有人都是比特币网络建设中的受益者，一切维护都源于自身的利益关系。

比特币的发明与成功运行，突破了由荷兰人创建、至今流行 400 多年的公司商业架构，开创出一种全新的、无组织架构的、全球分布式的商业模式，这就是 DAO。

再说回以太坊，以太坊的 DAO 可以由智能合约编写，用户自定义应用场景。简单说就是我们规定出程序执行条件与执行范围，真实世界里只要触发设定好的条件，程序就会自动执行运行，且所有过程都会在以太坊的网络上进行去中心化公开验证，不需要经过人工或者任何第三方组织机构确认。

以太坊 DAO 生态演化出许多商业场景，有慈善机构使用 DAO 建立公开透明的捐款与使用机制，有风投机构使用 DAO 建立公平分配的风险基金。

以太坊生态的很多项目都采用 DAO 自治，代表项目有：Uniswap，AAVE，MakerDAO，Compound，Decred，Dash 等。

2. 去中心化金融（DEFI）生态

在传统商业世界里，我们如果需要借钱、存钱，或者买某一公司股票，或者做企业贷款、融资，只要是进行金融活动，总离不开与银行、证券机构、会计事务所这些金融机构打交道。

而在去中心的世界里，区块链本质就是集合所有人交易记录且公开的大账本，我们可以非常容易的追溯到每一个钱包地址发生过的每一笔交易，查询到任意一个钱包地址的余额信息，从而对钱包地址里的资产做评估。

举个例子：全世界个人贷款最贵的国家是印度，印度的年轻人房贷利率目前是 8.8%，最高曾经到过 20%；与此对应，全世界个人存款利率最低的国家是日本，日本政府为了鼓励民众消费，在很长一段时间里银行存款利率是负值，日本人在银行存款不仅没有利息，还要给银行交保管费。理论上，如果日本人将自己的存款借与印度人，双方都能获得利益最大化，但现实生活中这样的场景很难发生。一是每个国家都有外汇管制，日本人的钱并不容易能给到印度人，二是印度人的信用如何日本人也不好评估，大家没有统一标准，万一借出去的钱无法归还，不能没了收益还要蒙受损失。

但在去中心的世界里，这样的事情就简单的多。

如果印度人的钱包地址里有比特币，我们就可以利用智能合约，印度人将自己的比特币质押进去，根据比特币当时的价格，系统自动给印度人一个授信额度，印度人就可以拿着这个额度去和日本人借款，并规定好还款的周期与利率。如果印度人违约，合约自动将印度人质押进去的比特币扣除，优先保障日本的权利，这样，日本人不用担心安全问题放心享受收益，印度人也有了更多的款项做为流动资金。

这个例子就是去中心金融的简单应用，实际上，这就是我们参与 DEFI 挖矿是质押理财的原理 —— 当然真正应用实现算法与场景要复杂的多。

DEFI 根据场景不同，又可以分为很多赛道，比如稳定币、预言机、AMM 交易所、衍生品、聚合器等等。

DEFI 代表项目有：Dai，Augur，Chainlink，WBTC，0x，Balance，Liquity 等。

3. 非同质化代币（NFT）生态

世界名画《蒙娜丽莎》，只有达·芬奇的原版可以展览在法国卢浮宫博物馆，哪怕现代的技术可以无比精细地复刻出来，仿品都不具备原版的收藏价值。

这就是 NFT 的应用场景。NFT是我们可以用来表示独特物品所有权的代币，它们让我们将艺术品、收藏品甚至房地产等现实事物唯一代币化。虽然文件（作品）本身是可以无限复制，但代表它们的代币在链上可以被追踪，并为买家提供所有权证明。

相比现实中实物版权、物权的双重交割相比，NFT 只需要交割描述此物品的唯一代币。NFT 作品往往存储在如 IPFS 这样的分布式存储网络里，随用随取，永不丢失，加之交割简单方便，很快吸引了大量玩家与投资者收藏转卖，NFT 出现也给艺术家提供了全新的收入模式。

类似 DEFI 生态，NFT 生态根据应用场景不同也产生了不同赛道，目前比较火热的赛道有 NFT 交易平台，NFT 游戏 平台，NFT 艺术品平台， NFT 与 DEFI 结合在一起的金融平台。

NFT 代表项目有：CryptoKitties，CryptoPunks，Meebits，Opensea，Rally，Axie Infinity，Enjin Coin，The Sandbox 等。

4. 标准代币协议（ERC-20）生态

与 NFT 非同质化代币所对应的，就是同质化代币。比如我们使用的人民币就是一种同质化代币，我们可以用人民币进行价值交换，即使序号不同也不影响其价值，如果面额相同，不同的钞票序号对持有者来说没有区别。

BTC，ETH 和所有我们熟知的加密货币，都属于同质化代币。同种类的一个比特币和另一个比特币没有任何区别，规格相同，具有统一性。在交易中，只需关注代币交接的数量即可，其价值可能会根据交换的时间间隔而改变，但其本质并没有发生变化。

以太坊的 ERC-20 就是定义这种代币的标准协议，任何人都可以使用 ERC-20 协议，通过几行代码，发布自己在以太坊网络上的加密货币。

现在，以太坊网络上运行的代币种类有上百万个，上边提到的项目，大多也在以太坊网络中发布了自己的同质化代币。

ERC-20 代表项目有：USDT，USDC，WBTC 等。

以太坊网络扩容性

我们先引入一个概念：区块链的不可能三角，即无论何种方法，我们都无法同时达到可扩展、去中心化、安全，三者只能得其二。

这其实很好理解，如果我们要去中心化和安全，就需要更多有节点参与网络进行验证，从而导致验证人增多、网络效率降低，扩展性下降。网络性能建设就是在三者之间找到平衡点。

用数据举例，目前比特币可处理转账 7 笔 / 秒，以太坊是 25 笔 / 秒，而 VISA 平均为 4500 笔 / 秒，峰值则达每秒上万笔。这种业务处理能力的差别，我们就可以简单理解为是「吞吐量」的差距。而想要提高吞吐量，则需要扩展区块链的业务处理能力，这就是所谓的扩展性。

根据优化方法不同，以太坊网络性能扩容方案可以分为：

1. Layer 1 链上扩展，所有交易都保留在以太坊上的扩展解决方案，具有更高的安全性。

链上扩展的本质还是改进以太坊主链本身，使整个系统拥有更高的拓展性与运行效率。一般的方法有两种，要么改变共识协议，比如 ETH 将从 PoW 转变为 PoS；要么使用分片技术，优化方法使网络具有更高效率。

2. Layer 2 链下扩展，在以太坊协议之上分层单独做各场景解决方案，具有更好的扩展性。

链下扩展可以理解为把计算、交易等业务处理场景拿到以太坊主链之外计算，最后将计算好的结果传回主链，主链只反映最终的结果而不用管过程，这样，无论多么复杂的应用都不会对主链产生影响。

我们并不需要明白具体技术实现，只需知道：相比 Layer 1 方案，Layer 2 方案网络不会干扰底层区块链协议，可以替 Layer 1 承担大部分计算工作，从而降低主网络的负担提高网络业务处理效率，是目前公认比较好的扩容方案。

以太坊2.0

终于讲到以太坊 2.0，回到主题。

通过回顾以太坊的发展 历史 ，以太坊 2.0 并不是新项目，它只是以太坊开发进程的最后一个阶段，它将由整个以太坊生态多个团队协同完成，目标是使以太坊更具可扩展性、更安全和更可持续，最终成为主流并为全人类服务。

ETH2建设目标:

1. 更具可扩展性。每秒支持 1000 次交易，以使应用程序使用起来更快、更便宜。

2. 更安全。以太坊变得更加安全，以抵御所有形式的攻击。

3. 更可持续。提高网络性能的同时减少对能源的消耗，更好地保护环境。

最重要的变化，ETH2 将从 ETH1 使用的 PoW（Proof of Work）工作量证明机制升级为 POS （Proof of Stake）权益证明机制。不再以算力做为验证方式，而是通过质押加密货币的数量做为验证手段。矿工不需要显卡也能挖矿，既节省了时间成本与电力成本，又提高了 ETH 的利用率，非常类似钱存在银行获得利息。

ETH2 主要使用的技术是分片分层技术实现整个网络扩容。

ETH2 升级将分为三个阶段进行：

1. 阶段0（正在进行）：信标链的创建与合并。信标链是 ETH2 的主链，如同人类的大脑，是 ETH2 得以运行的基础。

2. 阶段1（预计2022年）：分片链的创建与应用。当信标链与 ETH1 合并完成后，就进入分片链的开发阶段。分片链可以理解为将 ETH2 主链的整块数据按一定规则拆分存放，单独建立新链处理，用来分担主链上的数据压力，目前规划是建立 64 条分片链。

举个例子，从北京到上海，原来的交通工具只有一条公路，所有的车辆都需要在上边运行，就会非常拥挤；现在通过分片技术，多出来高铁、飞机等交通方式，分流的车辆同时到达速度更快，这就是分片链起到的作用。

分片链与主链交互示意图

3. 阶段2（预计2023年）：整个网络功能的融合。到了此阶段，整个系统的功能全面开始融合，分片链的功能会更加强大，新的处理机制开始支持账户、智能合约、开发工具的创建，新的生态应用等。

此阶段是以太坊网络的最终形态，网络性能得到全面提升，生态应用全面爆发。但要服务全人类，ETH2 每秒 1000 次的交易效率显然还是远远不够，以太坊也会为它的目标持续优化下去。

ETH2对于大家有什么影响？

1. 对于以太坊生态开发者。ETH2 在部署应用的时候，是需要选择应用在哪条分片网络进行部署，造成这种差异的原因是跨分片通信不同步，这就意味着开发者需要根据自己发展计划做不同的组合。

2. 对与 ETH 持币者。ETH2 与 ETH1 数据完全同步，代币也不会有任何变化，你可以继续使用现在的钱包地址继续持有 ETH。

3. 对于矿工。虽然 PoW 与 PoS 还会并行一段时间，可以预计的 PoW 矿机的产出会越来越少，应该开始减少 PoW 矿机的投资，开始转向 PoS 机制。

4. 对于用户。ETH2 速度更快，交易手续费更低，网络体验会非常好，唯一值得注意的是，由于 Dapp 部署在不同的分片网络上，可能需要手动选择应用的网络选项。

ETH是否值得投资？

ETH 是除了 BTC 以外市场的风向标，明确了解 ETH2 非常有助于我们理解其他区块链项目，理解二级市场。

简单总结几个点吧：

1. 通过以太坊的项目分析，我们可以清晰地看到：在比特币之后，以太坊项目的发展史就是目前区块链应用生态的发展史。无论 DEFI 生态，NFT 生态，DAO 生态还是代币、合约、协议生态，其实在以太坊发布白皮书时已有预见，后来出现的项目，都是围绕以太坊做验证。

2. 以太坊的联合创始人里，只有 V 神还在为以太坊事业做贡献，但这并不影响以以太坊繁荣发展。以太坊初始团队只是创建了它，后续的发展是社区、开发者、矿工与用户共同建立的结果，现在的以太坊早已不是某一个人的思维，它是所有以太坊生态参与者共同的结晶，它属于全人类。

3. 以太坊在过去的几年一直沿着既定的开发轨迹发展，虽然中途一度出现过危机，以太坊“被死亡”了好几百次，以太坊还是顽强的发展下来，并且拥有了繁荣生态。ETH2 还要两三年时间才能落地，中间也充满变数，比如其他的公链抢占先机，但可以预见，ETH2 后的以太坊会更加健壮。

4. 不要在抱有任何 BTC 会死亡，区块链行业会消失这样的伪命题。BTC、ETH 让我们看到了突破原有公司组织架构，一种全新无组织架构的商业模式存在，这种商业模式显然更符合这个时代的发展需求，无论项目地发起团队在不在，无论各国政府如何打压，只要技术对人类有贡献，就会由人员自发组织维护，区块链技术是革命。

5. ETH2 的上线，短期看 PoW 奖励与 PoS 奖励并行，可能会让 ETH 总通胀率短期内飙升，长期看 ETH 通胀率始终保持平衡。加上 ETH 本身的生态与应用场景，ETH是值得投资的，目前看不到有其他公链代替以太坊公链的可能性，ETH2 的上线，甚至会对其他公链造成“虹吸效应”，万链归一。

#比特币[超话]# #数字货币#

『陆』 什么是以太币/以太坊ETH

以太币（ETH）是以太坊（Ethereum）的一种数字代币，被视为“比特币2.0版”，采用与比特币不同的区块链技术“以太坊”（Ethereum），一个开源的有智能合约成果的民众区块链平台，由全球成千上万的计算机构成的共鸣网络。开发者们需要支付以太币（ETH）来支撑应用的运行。和其他数字货币一样，以太币可以在交易平台上进行买卖 。

温馨提示：以上解释仅供参考，不作任何建议。入市有风险，投资需谨慎。您在做任何投资之前，应确保自己完全明白该产品的投资性质和所涉及的风险，详细了解和谨慎评估产品后，再自身判断是否参与交易。
应答时间：2020-12-02，最新业务变化请以平安银行官网公布为准。
[平安银行我知道]想要知道更多？快来看“平安银行我知道”吧~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

『柒』 以太坊ETH交易手续费是如何计算

以太坊ETH交易手续费是如何计算？最近虚拟货币非常的爆火，其中以太坊ETH可谓是除了比特币之外最为火爆的虚拟币，很多小伙伴们想要入手以太坊ETH，有些小伙伴还不知道以太坊ETH交易手续费多少，那么接下来就跟着小编一起来看看吧。
以太坊ETH交易手续费是如何计算？
币币交易手续费
币币交易手续费是我们交易过程中主要的手续费用，费率为0.2%，买卖都收取。
杠杆交易手续费
杠杆交易手续费更币币交易手续费是一样的，同样是0.2%，买卖都收取。
OTC法币交易手续费
OTC法币交易蔽棚芦手续费包括rmb在法币交易购买USDT、HUSD、BTC、ETH、和颤HT、EOS所产生的手续费，但是在法币交易区购买USDT和HUSD是不收手续费的，BTC和ETH收取0.1%，HT和EOS收取0.2%，所以我们在法币交易区最好选择购买USDT。宏带
合约
合约手续费吃单要大于挂单，吃单费用大约为0.03%，挂单费用大约为0.02%，合约到期交割费率BTC为0.015%，其他的约为0.05%，合约交易很复杂，不建议随意操作。
提币手续费
提币手续费属于矿工费，是固定的，与量大量小无关。不同的币种提币费用不同，比特币的提币手续费最贵最低要几0.0005btc，其他的0.1元到十几块钱不等。

『一』What is the handling fee of Ethereum

The handling fees of different exchanges are different. Huobi and okex are 0.02% and 0.03% respectively, and QUBE is 0.01%.

『二』 Is there any handling fee for withdrawing coins from the Ethereum wallet?

Yes.
The handling fees of different exchanges are different. Huobi and okex are 0.02% and 0.03% respectively, and QUBE is 0.01%.
Generally, withdrawals from exchanges are made to a wallet, so the withdrawal address must be filled in with your own wallet address. The wallet address can be viewed in the wallet you are using. Take the imToken wallet as an example. Open the wallet and click [Assets]. There is a combination of numbers + English at the top. This is your wallet address.

『三』 How much is the handling fee for an eth withdrawal from Open Sesame?

The handling fee is charged at 1‰.
_嵯_SDT usually requires high handling fees, but there is no handling fee for withdrawing USDT on Gate.io. Users only need to select the Tron/TRC20 protocol type when withdrawing to enjoy a zero-fee USDT withdrawal experience.
_ate.io subsidizes more than 10 million US dollars in withdrawal fees for users every year, aiming to provide users with the highest quality transaction services and deposit and withdrawal channels. Users are welcome to use the Gate.io cash withdrawal function to experience the most comfortable asset management and deposit and withdrawal services.

『四』 Do transactions on the blockchain require a handling fee? How much is determined by who decides

The transaction fee will be deducted from your total transaction amount. If BTC assets are obtained after the transaction is completed, BTC transaction fees will be paid; conversely, if digital assets are obtained after the transaction is completed, digital asset transaction fees will be paid.

If you sell 10 ETH for 1 BTC, a 0.2% ETH handling fee will be deducted, and you will receive 9.98 ETH for the sale transaction.
If you buy 1 BTC with 10 ETH, the 0.2% BTC handling fee will be deducted and you will get 0.998 BTC.

『五』One article to understand Ethereum - ETH2.0, whether it is worth holding for a long time

I have been reading information about the ETH London upgrade these days, let me have a brief chat , in the world of cryptocurrency, whether it is investment institutions, blockchain application developers, mining machine manufacturers, or individual investors, hardware suppliers, game industry practitioners, etc., when it comes to Ethereum, there will be more or less Some understanding.

On the one hand, it depends on the wealth creation effect of the Ethereum token ETH itself. Since the initial issuance in 2014, the return on investment has exceeded 7,400 times.

On the other hand, Ethereum, as the most widely used decentralized application programming platform, has attracted countless developers to develop applications on it. These applications not only generateWith the rapid development of DEFI ecology, NFT ecology and DAO ecology, it has also brought more users to ETH.

As the "London Upgrade Plan" approaches, ETH has once again attracted everyone's attention.

What exactly is Ethereum 2.0? What upgrades are included? How is the progress so far?

What impact will the arrival of Ethereum 2.0 have on the decentralized applications of the existing Ethereum ecosystem?

Is ETH worth continuing to invest? I believe you will make your own judgment after reading it.

If building an application is like building a house, then Ethereum provides modules such as walls, roofs, and floors. Users only need to build the house like building blocks. As a result, the cost and speed of building applications on Ethereum have been greatly improved. The emergence of Ethereum quickly attracted a large number of developers to enter the world of Ethereum to write various decentralized applications, which greatly enriched people's demand for decentralized application scenarios.

Schematic diagram of Ethereum application development model

Ethereum and ETH

Cryptocurrencies in the existing market are only single tokens when blockchain technology is applied in a certain scenario.

Ethereum is no exception. Its full project name is "Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform", and Ether (Ether) is its The native cryptocurrency, referred to as ETH.

In addition to being used for effective exchange with various types of digital assets, ETH also provides a mechanism to pay transaction fees, that is, we are now doing on-chain operations The GAS fee paid at the time. The emergence of the GAS fee mechanism not only protects applications created on the Ethereum network from being abused by malicious programs, but also because GAS income belongs to miners, allowing more users to participate in the accounting of the Ethereum network and become miners, further Maintained Ethereum network security and ecological development.

Unlike BTC, ETH does not use the SHA256 mining algorithm, preventing the entire mining ecosystem from being dominated by ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) mining machines. So much so that the systemic risks caused by most of the computing power being controlled by centralized institutions.

Ethereum initially adopted the PoW (Proof of Work) proof-of-work mechanism, and people need to pass proof of work to obtain handling fee returns. We often hear that miners use graphics cards to mine, and what they do is POW proof of work. The more graphics cards and the greater the computing power, the greater the workload and the higher the income.

Currently, the total computing power of the entire Ethereum network is approximately 870.26 TH/s. Compared with the consumer-grade graphics cards we are familiar with, the NVIDIA RTX 3080 graphics card calculates The computing power of the Ethereum network is approximately 92-93 MH/s, which is equivalent to the total computing power of 9.36 million 3080 graphics cards.

The Ethereum white paper clearly mentions that the ledger mechanism of PoW Proof of Work will be upgraded to the ledger mechanism of POS (Proof of Stake) Proof of Stake.

ETH economic model

Unlike the total amount of BTC, which is 21 million, ETH’s There is no upper limit on the total amount, but an additional issuance is added every year based on the amount of ETH in the first pre-sale, and the additional issuance amount is 0.26x (x is the total amount of the sale).

But don’t worry that ETH will continue to inflate indefinitely. In the long run, the number of additional coins issued each year is roughly the same as the number of coins lost each year due to death or carelessness. , ETH’s “money supply growth rate” is approaching zero.

The ETH distribution model includes early buyers, early contribution value, long-term donations and miner income. The specific distribution ratio is as follows.

Now, 60,102,216 * 0.26 = 15,626,576 ETH will be mined by miners every year. After converting to PoS, the annual ETH output will decrease.

Currently, the total amount of ETH circulating in the market is approximately 116,898,848 pieces, with a total market value of approximately US$275.9 billion.

Development history of Ethereum

1. Border stage (2015): online The first fork was carried out shortly afterwards to adjust the difficulty of future mining. This version is inIn the experimental stage, the technology is not yet mature. Initially, only a small number of developers can participate in mining. Smart contracts are only for developers to develop applications and use, and there is no user participation. The Ethereum network is in its infancy.

Frontier phase ETH price: $1.24.

2. Home stage (2016): The Ethereum mainnet conducted its second fork in March 2016 and released the first stable version . This version is the first mature official version, using 100% PoW proof and introducing a difficulty bomb. With the increase in the number of blockchains, the mining difficulty increases exponentially, the performance of the network is greatly improved, and the Ethereum project has also entered a rapid development stage. growth period. In the "Homeland" version, the famous "The DAO attack" also occurred. Ethereum was hard-forked by the community vote into two chains, Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC). Buterin stood on ETH's side. side.

Home Phase ETH Price: $12.50.

3. Urban phase (2017~2019): The development of the city is divided into three phases, and the upgrade is divided into three bifurcations, namely in 2017 “Byzantium” in October, “Constantinople” at the end of February 2019, and “Istanbul” in December 2019. These upgrades mainly improve the writing of smart contracts, improve security, add difficulty bombs, and modify some core architecture to assist in the future transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake.

In the urban stage, the Ethereum network has officially shown its power and officially entered the mature stage. Smart contracts allow cryptocurrencies on different chains to trade with each other. ERC-20 is also the standard for token issuance in 2017. Thousands of projects are raising funds on the Ethereum network, which is called "Initial Coin Offering (ICO)" "I believe that many old people in the currency circle were brought in by the wealth-making effect of ICO at that time. By 2019, with the rise of the DeFi ecosystem, financial products have officially become the largest industry on the Ethereum chain.

Metropolis ETH price: $151.06.

4. Quiet phase (2020-2023): Similar to the three-phase development of the city, the quiet phase is currently expected to be divided into three branches: Berlin (completed ), London (coming soon), and the third fork later. The "quiet" phase is also called "Ethereum 2.0", is the final stage of the project. Ethereum will officially shift from the proof-of-work method to the proof-of-stake method, and develop a second-layer expansion plan to improve the operating efficiency of the entire network.

The quiet phase can be said to be the culmination of the Ethereum network. If the first three phases are just an experimental platform for Ethereum’s vision to be demonstrated, the quiet phase After that, Ethereum will officially become a complete entity. It will not only have complete ecological applications, super-fast processing speed, and the coordinated development of many networks, but also the PoS mechanism will be very energy-saving, which truly represents the symbol of the gradual maturity of blockchain technology.

Tranquility Phase ETH Price: The Berlin phase completed on April 15, 2021, the price on that day was $2,454.

Upcoming London Protocol Upgrade

Ethereum Ecology

Ethereum’s ecological development, subordinate division It can be divided into two major categories: one is the construction of Ethereum network ecological applications, and the other is the construction of Ethereum network expansion. The two integrate with each other and achieve each other. Applications need a more robust and powerful network as a carrier, and the network needs application scenarios with complete functions to serve users.

Let’s talk about the application ecosystem first. We can divide the Ethereum ecosystem into the following categories:

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1. Decentralized self-made organization (DAO) ecology

What is a decentralized self-made organization? Let’s take the familiar Bitcoin as an example: Bitcoin’s current market value is more than 700 billion U.S. dollars, ranking ninth in the global asset market value category. However, Bitcoin is not a product released by a certain company, and no specific company recruits personnel to maintain it. Everything that exists in Bitcoin originates from the distributed organization spontaneously formed by Bitcoin holders and Bitcoin miners. They plan the development route of Bitcoin through voting and voluntarily participate in maintaining the Bitcoin program and network. This is simply because as long as they have In Bitcoin, everyone is a beneficiary of the construction of the Bitcoin network, and all maintenance stems from their own interests.

The invention and successful operation of Bitcoin broke through the company's business structure that was created by the Dutch and has been popular for more than 400 years, and created a new, seamless An organizational, globally distributed business model, this is DAO.

Going back to Ethereum, Ethereum’s DAO can be written by smart contracts and user-defined application scenarios. Simply put, it’s usThe program execution conditions and execution scope are stipulated. In the real world, as long as the set conditions are triggered, the program will automatically execute and run, and all processes will be decentralized and publicly verified on the Ethereum network, without the need for manual or any other Confirmed by a third-party organization.

The Ethereum DAO ecosystem has evolved into many business scenarios. Some charities use DAO to establish an open and transparent donation and usage mechanism, and some venture capital institutions use DAO to establish fairness. Allocated risk funds.

Many projects in the Ethereum ecosystem adopt DAO autonomy. Representative projects include: Uniswap, AAVE, MakerDAO, Compound, Decred, Dash, etc.

2. Decentralized Finance (DEFI) Ecosystem

In the traditional business world Here, if we need to borrow money, save money, or buy stocks of a certain company, or make corporate loans or financing, as long as we are conducting financial activities, we cannot do without dealing with financial institutions such as banks, securities institutions, and accounting firms.

In a decentralized world, the essence of the blockchain is a large open ledger that collects everyone’s transaction records. We can trace back every transaction very easily. For every transaction that has occurred at a wallet address, the balance information of any wallet address can be queried to evaluate the assets in the wallet address.

For example: The country with the most expensive personal loans in the world is India. The mortgage interest rate for young people in India is currently 8.8%, and the highest has ever been 20%. ; Correspondingly, the country with the lowest personal deposit interest rate in the world is Japan. In order to encourage people to consume, the Japanese government has kept bank deposit interest rates negative for a long time. Japanese people not only receive no interest on bank deposits, but also pay to the bank. Storage fee. In theory, if the Japanese lend their savings to Indians, both parties can maximize their benefits, but in real life such a scenario is difficult to happen. First, every country has foreign exchange controls. It is not easy for Japanese people to give money to Indians. Second, it is difficult for Japanese people to evaluate the creditworthiness of Indians. There is no unified standard for everyone. If the money lent cannot be returned, , we cannot lose profits but still suffer losses.

But in a decentralized world, such things are much simpler.

If an Indian has Bitcoin in his wallet address, we can use smart contracts and the Indian willBitcoins are pledged, and based on the price of Bitcoin at that time, the system automatically gives Indians a credit line, and Indians can use this line to borrow money from Japanese people, and the repayment period and interest rate are stipulated. If the Indians default, the contract will automatically deduct the Bitcoins pledged by the Indians, giving priority to protecting Japan's rights. In this way, the Japanese do not have to worry about safety issues and can enjoy the benefits without worry, and the Indians also have more money as working capital.

This example is a simple application of decentralized finance. In fact, this is the principle of our participation in DEFI mining and pledge financial management - of course the actual application of the algorithm The scene is much more complicated.

DEFI can be divided into many tracks according to different scenarios, such as stable coins, oracles, AMM exchanges, derivatives, aggregators, etc.

Representative projects of DEFI include: Dai, Augur, Chainlink, WBTC, 0x, Balance, Liquidity, etc.

3. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Ecology

World Famous Paintings "Mona Lisa", only Leonardo da Vinci's original version can be displayed in the Louvre Museum in France. Even if modern technology can reproduce it with extremely fine details, the imitations do not have the collection value of the original version.

This is the application scenario of NFT. NFTs are tokens that we can use to represent ownership of unique items. They allow us to uniquely tokenize real-life things like art, collectibles, and even real estate. While the files (works) themselves are infinitely replicable, the tokens representing them are trackable on-chain and provide buyers with proof of ownership.

Compared with the dual delivery of physical copyright and property rights in reality, NFT only requires the delivery of the unique token describing the item. NFT works are often stored in distributed storage networks such as IPFS. They can be taken at any time and will never be lost. In addition, the delivery is simple and convenient, and soon attracted a large number of players and investors to collect and resell. The emergence of NFT has also provided artists with new opportunities. revenue model.

Similar to DEFI ecology, NFT ecology has also produced different tracks according to different application scenarios. Currently, the more popular tracks include NFT trading platform, NFT game platform, NFT art platform, a financial platform that combines NFT and DEFI.

Representative NFT projects include: CryptoKitties, CryptoPunks, Meebits, Opensea, Rally, Axie Infinity, Enjin Coin, The Sandbox, etc.

4. Standard Token Protocol (ERC-20) Ecology

and NFT Non-fungible tokens correspond to fungible tokens. For example, the RMB we use is a homogeneous token. We can use RMB for value exchange. Even if the serial numbers are different, its value will not be affected. If the denomination is the same, different banknote serial numbers will make no difference to the holder.

BTC, ETH and all the cryptocurrencies we are familiar with are fungible tokens. There is no difference between one Bitcoin and another Bitcoin of the same type, with the same specifications and uniformity. In a transaction, it is only necessary to pay attention to the number of tokens handed over, whose value may change depending on the time interval of the exchange, but its essence does not change.

Ethereum’s ERC-20 is the standard protocol that defines this kind of token. Anyone can use the ERC-20 protocol and publish it through a few lines of code. Own cryptocurrency on the Ethereum network.

Currently, there are millions of token types running on the Ethereum network. Most of the projects mentioned above have also been released on the Ethereum network. Own fungible token.

Representative projects of ERC-20 include: USDT, USDC, WBTC, etc.

Ethereum network scalability

Let’s first introduce a concept: blockchain The impossible triangle means that no matter what method we use, we cannot achieve scalability, decentralization, and security at the same time. We can only get two of the three.

This is actually easy to understand. If we want to decentralize and secure, we need more nodes to participate in the network for verification, which will lead to an increase in the number of verifiers. Network efficiency is reduced and scalability is reduced. Network performance construction is to find a balance between the three.

Using data as an example, Bitcoin can currently handle 7 transfers/Seconds, Ethereum’s is 25 transactions/second, while VISA’s average is 4,500 transactions/second, with a peak of tens of thousands of transactions per second. This difference in business processing capabilities can be simply understood as the "throughput" gap. If you want to improve throughput, you need to expand the business processing capabilities of the blockchain, which is called scalability.

According to different optimization methods, Ethereum network performance expansion solutions can be divided into:

1. Layer 1 on-chain extension, an extension solution where all transactions are retained on Ethereum, with higher security.

The essence of on-chain expansion is to improve the Ethereum main chain itself, so that the entire system has higher scalability and operating efficiency. There are two general methods, either changing the consensus protocol, for example, ETH will change from PoW to PoS; or using sharding technology and optimization methods to make the network more efficient.

2. Layer 2 off-chain expansion, layering solutions for each scenario separately on top of the Ethereum protocol, with better scalability.

Off-chain expansion can be understood as taking calculations, transactions and other business processing scenarios outside the Ethereum main chain for calculation, and finally transmitting the calculated results back to the main chain. Chain, the main chain only reflects the final result without caring about the process. In this way, no matter how complex the application is, it will not have an impact on the main chain.

We do not need to understand the specific technical implementation, we only need to know: Compared with the Layer 1 solution, the Layer 2 solution network will not interfere with the underlying blockchain protocol. It can undertake most of the computing work for Layer 1, thereby reducing the burden on the main network and improving network business processing efficiency. It is currently recognized as a better expansion solution.

Ethereum 2.0

Finally talking about Ethereum 2.0, back to the topic.

By reviewing the development history of Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 is not a new project, it is just the last stage of the development process of Ethereum, and it will be dominated by the entire Ethereum Multiple teams in the ecosystem work together to make Ethereum more scalable, secure and sustainable, and eventually become mainstream and serve all mankind.

ETH2 construction goals:

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1. More scalable. Supports 1000 transactions per second to make the application faster and cheaper to use.

2. More secure. Ethereum has become more secure against all forms of attacks.

3. More sustainable. Improve network performance while reducing energy consumption and better protecting the environment.

The most important change is that ETH2 will upgrade from the PoW (Proof of Work) proof-of-work mechanism used by ETH1 to the POS (Proof of Stake) proof-of-stake mechanism. . Instead of using computing power as a verification method, the amount of pledged cryptocurrency is used as a verification method. Miners can mine without a graphics card, which not only saves time and electricity costs, but also improves the utilization of ETH, which is very similar to earning interest by depositing money in a bank.

The main technology used by ETH2 is sharding and layering technology to expand the entire network.

The ETH2 upgrade will be divided into three phases:

1. Phase 0 (Ongoing): Creation and merging of the beacon chain. The beacon chain is the main chain of ETH2, just like the human brain, and is the basis for ETH2 to operate.

2. Phase 1 (expected to be 2022): Creation and application of shard chains. When the beacon chain is merged with ETH1, it will enter the development stage of the shard chain. The shard chain can be understood as splitting and storing the entire data of the ETH2 main chain according to certain rules, and establishing a new chain separately to share the data pressure on the main chain. The current plan is to establish 64 shard chains.

For example, from Beijing to Shanghai, the original means of transportation was only one highway, and all vehicles needed to run on it, which would make it very crowded; now Through sharding technology, more modes of transportation such as high-speed trains and airplanes are available, and the diverted vehicles arrive at the same time faster. This is the role of the sharding chain.

Schematic diagram of the interaction between shard chain and main chain

3. Phase 2 (expected to be 2023): Integration of the entire network functions. At this stage, the functions of the entire system begin to be fully integrated, the functions of the shard chain will be more powerful, and new processingThe management mechanism begins to support the creation of accounts, smart contracts, development tools, new ecological applications, etc.

This stage is the final form of the Ethereum network. Network performance has been comprehensively improved and ecological applications have exploded. But to serve all mankind, ETH2’s 1,000 transaction efficiency per second is obviously far from enough, and Ethereum will continue to optimize for its goals.

What impact does ETH2 have on everyone?

1. For Ethereum ecosystem developers. When deploying an application, ETH2 needs to choose which shard network the application will be deployed on. The reason for this difference is that cross-shard communication is not synchronized, which means that developers need to make different combinations according to their own development plans.

2. For ETH holders. The data of ETH2 and ETH1 are completely synchronized, and the tokens will not change. You can continue to use your current wallet address to hold ETH.

3. For miners. Although PoW and PoS will continue to exist in parallel for some time, it is expected that the output of PoW mining machines will be less and less, and investment in PoW mining machines should begin to be reduced and start to shift to the PoS mechanism.

4. For users. ETH2 is faster, has lower transaction fees, and the network experience will be very good. The only thing worth noting is that since Dapps are deployed on different sharded networks, you may need to manually select the application’s network options.

Is ETH worth investing in?

ETH is the benchmark for markets other than BTC. A clear understanding of ETH2 is very helpful for us to understand other blockchain projects and the secondary market.

Let’s briefly summarize a few points:

1. Through Ethereum projects From the analysis, we can clearly see that after Bitcoin, the development history of the Ethereum project is the development history of the current blockchain application ecosystem. Regardless of DEFI ecology, NFT ecology, DAO ecology or token, contract, and protocol ecology, it was actually foreseen when Ethereum released the white paper, and the projects that emerged later were all verified around Ethereum.

2. Among the co-founders of Ethereum, only Buterin is still contributing to the cause of Ethereum, but this does not affect the prosperity and development of Ethereum. The initial team of Ethereum just created it, and subsequent development is the result of the joint efforts of the community, developers, miners and users. The current Ethereum is no longer the thinking of one person, it is the joint crystallization of all Ethereum ecological participants. It belongs to all mankind.

3. Ethereum has been developing along the established development trajectory in the past few years, although there was a crisis midway and Ethereum was "dead" Hundreds of times, Ethereum has still developed tenaciously and has a prosperous ecosystem. It will take two or three years for ETH2 to be implemented, and there are many variables in the process, such as other public chains taking the lead. However, it is foreseeable that Ethereum after ETH2 will be more robust.

4. Do not hold on to any false propositions that BTC will die and the blockchain industry will disappear. BTC and ETH allow us to see the existence of a new unorganized business model that breaks through the original company organizational structure. This business model is obviously more in line with the development needs of this era, no matter whether the project initiating team is present or not, no matter what the governments of various countries do Suppression, as long as technology contributes to mankind, it will be maintained by people's voluntary organizations. Blockchain technology is a revolution.

5. With the launch of ETH2, the parallel PoW rewards and PoS rewards in the short term may cause the total inflation rate of ETH to surge in the short term. In the long term, the inflation rate of ETH will remain unchanged. maintain balance. Coupled with ETH's own ecology and application scenarios, ETH is worth investing in. Currently, there is no possibility of other public chains replacing the Ethereum public chain. The launch of ETH2 will even cause a "siphon effect" to other public chains. The chain is unified.

#BTC[超话]# #digital currency#

『鲁』What is Ethereum/Ethereum ETH

What is Ethereum (ETH)? Ethereum, a digital token, is regarded as "Bitcoin version 2.0" and uses a different blockchain technology from Bitcoin. "Ethereum" is an open source public area with smart contract capabilities. Blockchain platform, a resonance network composed of thousands of computers around the world. Developers need to pay Ethereum (ETH) to support the operation of the application. Like other digital currencies, Ethereum can be bought and sold on trading platforms.

Warm reminder: The above explanation is for reference only and does not make any suggestions. There are risks in entering the market, so investment needs to be cautious. Before making any investment, you should ensure that you fully understand the investment nature of the product and the risks involved.After understanding the product in detail and carefully evaluating it, you can then make your own decision about whether to participate in the transaction.
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『淒』 Ethereum ETH transaction fee How is it calculated

How is the Ethereum ETH transaction fee calculated? Virtual currencies have become very popular recently, among which Ethereum ETH is the most popular virtual currency besides Bitcoin. Many friends want to buy Ethereum ETH. Some friends still don’t know how much the Ethereum ETH transaction fee is. Then let’s take a look with the editor.
How are Ethereum ETH transaction fees calculated?
Coin-to-coin transaction fee
Coin-to-coin transaction fee is the main handling fee in our transaction process. The rate is 0.2% and is charged for both buying and selling.
Margin trading fees
Margin trading fees have changed. The currency trading fees are the same, the same 0.2%, and are charged for both buying and selling.
OTC legal currency transaction fees
OTC legal currency transaction fees include the handling fees generated by rmb when purchasing USDT, HUSD, BTC, ETH, and HT and EOS in legal currency transactions, but when purchasing in the legal currency trading area, USDT and HUSD do not charge handling fees, BTC and ETH charge 0.1%, HT and EOS charge 0.2%, so it is best for us to buy USDT in the legal currency trading area. Hongdai
Contract
The contract handling fee for takers is greater than for pending orders. The taker fee is about 0.03%, the pending order fee is about 0.02%, the contract expiration delivery rate BTC is 0.015%, and the others are about 0.05%. , contract transactions are very complex and it is not recommended to operate casually.
Coin withdrawal handling fee
Coin withdrawal handling fee is a mining fee, which is fixed and has nothing to do with the large amount or small amount. Different currencies have different withdrawal fees. The most expensive withdrawal fee for Bitcoin is a few 0.0005 btc and the lowest is 0.1 yuan to more than ten yuan.